نشریه پژوهش های نقد ادبی و سبک شناسی
پیاپی 44 (تابستان 1400)

Although the beginning of the Qajar rule evokes the literature of return and its end is reminiscent of clear, political and simple constitutional poetry and prose, in general, the prose of the Qajar period can be called moderate prose; That is, a prose that mixes parts of the characteristics of the past prose with parts of the characteristics of the simple and spoken language of the Qajar period. What emerges from this mixing and combination is a different way of writing that has adapted the composition and symmetry of propositions and literary and ironic phrases from artificial and rhythmic prose, and has taken the simplicity of phrases and verbs, frankness, and spoken interpretations from prose and everyday language. . Along with a regressive trend in prose writing that includes historical historians such as Mohammad Sadegh Nami, Mohammad Taghi Sepehar and Reza Qoli Khan Hedayat, there are two relatively strong trends that combine imitation with innovation. First, it is an important part of the historiography in the Qajar period, that is, writers such as Badainagar, Khaqatnagar, Mirza Razi Tabrizi, Mahmoud Mirza Qajar and Zain al-Abidin Shirvani, who made the approach to prose between the creator and the sender and combining it with phrases from the language of the time the goal of their writings. have given; And the second is the transformation of the construction writings of the previous artefact by Qaim Maqam and Fadel Khan Grossi into moderate, flexible and artistic writings and mixing it with poems, proverbs and speech interpretations, the final outcome of all these activities leads to the simple, clear and analytical prose of the Naseri period.

Leyli and Majnoon are among Ganjavi's nizami poems that have had a great impact on the storytelling of Persian literature and have been imitated many times. In this research, using analytical descriptive method, Ganjavi's nizami narrative models in Leyli and Majnoon's narration have been studied. The results show that the main confrontation in this work is the confrontation that arose from the society of the age, a confrontation that is rooted in ethnic nervousness. The actions of the actors in this story are also significant based on this confrontation. Madman is a dynamic character who changes and transforms, but Leyli has a static personality. The protagonist of the story is insane, and those around him also play a supporting role. The main deterrent to this story is Leyli's father, and the value object is love, and for this reason the story has found a mystical color and smell.

The Suspense in the story is a quality that the author creates for the events that are taking place in the story to create passion and motivation in the reader to read the story. The present article tries to examine this element of story in a descriptive-analytical way in three novels by this author (namely, My Bird, the Dream of Tibet and Tarlan). These novels do not have a strong suspense element and the reason for this is the author's greater attention to characterization and representation of the identity of fictional characters. This does not mean that this element is missing in the mentioned novels. Rather, the author uses some tools to create this element and compensate for its weakness, one of which is the inclusion of parallel narratives throughout the novel.

Jean Baudrillard's theory on hyper reality has been introduced in media science which has been called as hyper reality in literature. Whereas it is absolutely different. Regarding the theory of new age of media, it is possible to perceive, to make, to distribute hyper concept or hyper reality out of truth which is different with itself, it means the truth is shown more than truth. Such theory was hastily distributing to other branches of art, newspaper, taking picture, cinema, psychology, philosophy,.etc and it introduced the different concepts, but it was not been seriously taken in literature. The first eulogy is an issue which is mentioned in measurable literature by which this study tries to compare Hyper Reality and eulogy Manifestation in Tarikh Beyhaghi and Divan Farokhi Sistani due to analytical descriptive approach, to examine hyper reality eulogy or hyper reality of Ghaznavi tribes in these two aforementioned works.

Characters are the most important components of a story. And proper knowledge of characters is a way of improving the effect of a story on the audience. Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh, Book of Kings, is the greatest Persian epic poem, giving detailed accounts of events and characters with unlimited time and space settings, and the different characters have various human interactions and different individual characteristics. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the characters of Goshtasp story by using the “Setting-Factor” model, regardless of the narrative techniques and storytelling structure of Ferdowsi. The results revealed the effectiveness of the the “Setting- Factor” model on the one hand, and introduced a new approach to the study of the characters of Shahnameh given the factors such as name, environment, sex, class, belief, temperament, and fate, and different settings on the other hand.

Every researcher 's idea and thought change during scientific researches is inevitable and certainly is a route to perfection .Dr. Shafiee Kadkani is one of the researchers in the field of modern poem and mystical literature in Iran .He always speaks about change in viewpoints and even sometimes speaks about contrast in ideas in his works .In this paper ,we study four following features : decisiveness and audacity , scientific caution ,satire in locution ,and exaggeration in locution .Then we present some examples about his methodology . His ideas change has been presented in the most important processes (Nima new poem,prosaic poem and Hajm poem ) and the most important poets (Nima, Sohrab Sepehri,Mahdi Akhavan Thaleth ,Forogh Farohkzad and Ahmad Shamloo).Generally , in some cases ,his laudatory , opposite and ironical tone about a process or a poet has stayed constant , and in some cases, these ideas have changed.

This research studies the ideas of some representatives of the two schools of the East and the West, in the way of comparative study: Naser Khosrow as a representative of the religion of Esmaeeli, and the Schlegel brothers as the representatives of the romanticism. They say Wit and who use it and the subject-matter cannot be separated and subject itself develops through the developing of Wit too, and pass its limitations. In the history of philosophy, we should search the origin of this point of view, in philosophy of Plotinus. Considering the ideas of Plotinus, this research wants to show the similarities and differences between the ideas of Naser Khosrow and the Schlegel brothers on Wit and using it, in these fields: worldview, nature of Wit &etc. This research is done by the descriptive, analytic, comparative methods through the study in library, taking notes and analysis of the notes.